Evolution of Particle Math

How equations got "smarter" over time to describe the real universe.

🌊

Schrödinger

Non-Relativistic

Primary Relation
$E = \frac{p^2}{2m}$
Math Form

1st-order Time
2nd-order Space

Wave Function
1

Scalar (Single Number)

Spin?

NO

Antimatter?

NO

🚀

Klein-Gordon

Transition Phase

Primary Relation
$E^2 = p^2c^2 + m^2c^4$
Math Form

2nd-order Time
2nd-order Space

Wave Function
1

Scalar (Single Number)

Spin?

NO

Antimatter?

NO

⚛️

Dirac

Relativistic Quantum

Primary Relation
$E = \alpha pc + \beta mc^2$
Math Form

1st-order Time
1st-order Space

Wave Function

Bispinor (4-Way Vector)

Spin?

YES!

Antimatter?

YES!